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Substation commissioning and installation is a comprehensive process to ensure it is fully operational and safe to integrate into the electrical grid. This process is critical for the reliable and efficient transmission and distribution of electricity. Here's a general overview of the key stages involved:

1. Equipment Installation

1) Transformer Installation: Position and secure transformers onto their pads, connect bushings and cooling systems.

2) Switchgear and Breakers: Install switchgear, circuit breakers, and dis-connectors in their respective enclosures.

3) Control and Protection Systems: Mount control panels, install SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems, and protection relays.

2. Testing and Commissioning

1) Pre-Commissioning Tests: Perform factory acceptance tests (FAT) on individual equipment before installation.

2) Functional Tests: Verify correct operation of each component and subsystem, including control logic, interlocks, and protection settings.

3) Integration Tests: Test the interaction between different systems within the substation, such as the coordination between protection relays and circuit breakers.

4) High Voltage Tests: Perform dielectric tests on equipment to ensure insulation integrity, along with partial discharge tests on cables and joints.

5) System Tests: Conduct a full systems test, including load testing and emergency shutdown procedures.