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Islanding refers to the condition in which a portion of an electrical grid becomes electrically isolated from the main grid due to a fault or intentional disconnection, yet continues to operate as a standalone system, or "island." Transformers play a crucial role in the concept of islanding with the functions as below:
Galvanic Isolation: Transformers provide galvanic isolation, which is important for safety and protection. In an islanded system, this isolation prevents unwanted currents from flowing between the separated sections of the grid, ensuring that the island operates independently without affecting or being affected by the rest of the network.
Frequency Control: In island mode operation, the frequency of the generated electricity needs to be controlled and stabilized since there's no direct connection to the larger grid that would typically provide this regulation. Transformers don't directly control frequency, but they are integral to the system design that allows for the deployment of local control mechanisms and devices (like synchronous condensers or inverters with frequency control capabilities) that help maintain the stability of the island's frequency.
Integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs): As renewable energy sources like solar and wind become more prevalent, transformers facilitate their integration into the grid or microgrids that may operate in island mode. They ensure that the power generated can be efficiently utilized or fed back into the local network.
Protection and Safety: Transformers are often equipped with protective relays that help detect abnormal conditions and initiate disconnections to protect the islanded system's equipment from damage. This is particularly important during transitions to and from islanding, where sudden changes in load or generation can occur.
In summary, transformers are pivotal components in enabling and managing islanding operations in power systems. They contribute to voltage matching, system isolation, integration of distributed energy resources, and overall grid stability and safety during both normal operation and during periods of islanding.
