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Transformers may encounter various faults that require prompt and effective solutions to ensure continuous and reliable power supply. Some common transformer faults and their general solutions include:
Overheating: This can be due to overloading, poor ventilation, or internal faults.
Solution: Check the load and ensure it does not exceed the transformer's rated capacity. Improve the cooling system by cleaning heat exchangers or radiators, and ensuring proper airflow around the transformer. If the problem persists, consider de-rating the transformer or replacing it with a higher capacity unit.
Winding Faults (e.g., short circuits):
Solution: Perform regular insulation resistance tests to detect any degradation early on. If a fault is detected, the transformer needs to be taken offline for repairs or replacement of the damaged winding. In some cases, partial discharge analysis can help identify potential issues before a full fault occurs.
Leaking Oil or Low Oil Level:
Solution: Immediately address oil leaks to prevent further damage and top up the oil level to the recommended level using the correct type of transformer oil. Leaks should be sealed, and if necessary, gaskets or seals should be replaced. An oil analysis can also reveal signs of internal faults or degradation.
Bushing Failure:
Solution: Regular inspection of bushings for signs of cracks, corrosion, or overheating is important. Replace faulty bushings immediately. High-quality insulating materials and regular cleaning can help prevent bushing failures.
Core Faults (such as core ground or core saturation):
Solution: Core grounds often result from moisture ingress or corrosion. Drying the transformer and applying appropriate coatings can help. For core saturation, check for excessive primary voltage or inappropriate tap changer settings and adjust accordingly. In severe cases, the transformer may need to be rewound or replaced.
External Short Circuits:
Solution: Install protective devices like circuit breakers and fuses to limit the effects of short circuits. Rapidly clear faults to prevent extensive damage. Post-fault analysis can help identify the cause and guide preventive measures.
Voltage Regulation Issues:
Solution: Adjust the tap changers to maintain the desired voltage levels. If the transformer is unable to regulate voltage adequately, reassess the system's loading conditions and possibly adjust transformer taps or add additional transformers for better voltage control.
Noisy Operation:
Solution: Investigate the source of the noise, which could be due to loose parts, core vibrations, or electrical discharges. Tighten loose connections, replace worn parts, and ensure proper grounding to mitigate electrical noise.
Remember, safety is paramount when dealing with transformer faults. Always follow proper safety protocols and consult with qualified professionals for diagnosis and repair work. Regular maintenance and testing are key to preventing faults and prolonging transformer life.
