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Power transformer consists of several key components that enable it to perform its function safely and effectively.

1.     Core: Typically made of high-grade steel laminations stacked together to form a closed magnetic circuit. It provides a low-reluctance path for the flow of magnetic flux, which is essential for efficient transformation of electrical energy. Laminations help reduce eddy current losses by limiting the circulation of currents within the core.

2.     Windings: A transformer has two or more windings wound around the core - the primary winding and the secondary winding. These windings are made of insulated copper or aluminum wire and are responsible for the transfer of electrical energy through mutual induction. The number of turns in these windings determines the voltage ratio, hence the step-up or step-down capability of the transformer.

3.     Insulation: Insulation materials are used throughout the transformer to prevent electrical arcing and short circuits between windings and the core, as well as between different windings. Insulation can be in the form of paper, pressboard, oil-impregnated materials, or specialized polymer films.

4.     Tanks and Cooling System: Transformers, especially large power transformers, are usually enclosed in a protective tank filled with insulating oil (transformer oil). This oil serves both as an insulator and a coolant, helping to dissipate heat generated during operation. Cooling systems may also include radiators, fans, or pumps for forced oil circulation in larger units.

5.     Bushings: Bushings are insulated structures that allow conductors to pass through the transformer tank while maintaining electrical isolation. They provide a passage for the connection of the transformer windings to external circuits.

6.     Tap Changers: Tap changers are mechanisms that enable the adjustment of the transformer's voltage output without interrupting service. They are used to compensate for voltage drops in long transmission lines or to match the transformer's output to varying system requirements.

7.     Buchholz Relay: This is a safety device installed in the transformer's conservator or oil circuit. It detects abnormal gas accumulation caused by internal arcing or overheating and triggers an alarm or shuts down the transformer to prevent damage.

8.     Breathers: Breathers contain desiccant to filter out moisture from air entering the transformer during breathing (expansion and contraction due to temperature changes).

9.     Conservator: The conservator is a chamber above the main oil level that accommodates oil volume fluctuations and helps maintain positive pressure, preventing contact with atmospheric air.

10.  Terminal Connectors: These are heavy-duty connectors where the high-voltage and low-voltage cables connect to the transformer's primary and secondary windings respectively.

11.  Surge Arresters or Lightning Arresters: Protect the transformer from overvoltage transients caused by lightning strikes or switching operations in the power system. They divert excessive voltage to ground, safeguarding the transformer insulation.

These key components work in harmony to facilitate the transformer's functions.

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